What is lipid-laden macrophage index?
The lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) is a semiquantitative evaluation of alveolar macrophage lipid content used in diagnosis of pulmonary aspiration.
What does lipid-laden mean?
Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages, also known as pulmonary foam cells, are cells found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens that consist of macrophages containing deposits of lipids (fats). The lipid content of the macrophages can be demonstrated using a lipid targeting stain like Oil Red O or Nile red.
What causes hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lungs?
Pulmonary congestion with dilated capillaries and leakage of blood into alveolar spaces leads to an increase in hemosiderin-laden macrophages, as seen here. Brown granules of hemosiderin from break down of RBC’s appear in the macrophage cytoplasm.
What are Haemosiderin laden macrophages?
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages are an independent factor correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case control study.
What is lipoid pneumonia?
Lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon disease caused by the presence of lipid in the alveoli. It is classified into two major groups, depending on whether the lipid/oil in the respiratory tract is from an exogenous (exogenous lipoid pneumonia) or endogenous/idiopathic (endogenous lipoid pneumonia) source.
What is bronchoscopy with BAL?
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a procedure that is sometimes done during a bronchoscopy. It is also called bronchoalveolar washing. BAL is used to collect a sample from the lungs for testing. During the procedure, a saline solution is put through the bronchoscope to wash the airways and capture a fluid sample.
What are lipid-laden histiocytes?
Abstract. In addition to granulomas, infiltrates of pigmented, lipid-laden histiocytes are a consistent morphologic finding in visceral organs of the reticuloendothelial system in patients with chronic granulomatous disease.
Where are hemosiderin laden macrophages?
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (HLMs) have been identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This retrospective study examined the ability of HLMs in BALF to predict the acute exacerbation (AE) of chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs).
How are hemosiderin laden macrophages formed?
When blood leaves a ruptured blood vessel, the red blood cell dies, and the hemoglobin of the cell is released into the extracellular space. Phagocytic cells (of the mononuclear phagocyte system) called macrophages engulf (phagocytose) the hemoglobin to degrade it, producing hemosiderin and biliverdin.
What causes lipid pneumonia?
Exogenous lipoid pneumonia. This type is caused by breathing in fatty or oil substances like vegetable oil or mineral oil. The oil particles gather in the lungs and cause pneumonia. Exogenous lipoid pneumonia can be acute, or sudden and severe, or long-term with ongoing exposure to oil substances.
How do I know if I have lipoid pneumonia?
The symptoms that are commonly observed in cases of exogenous lipoid pneumonia include fever, weight loss, cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis.
What are normal BAL results?
What Is Normal in BAL? The BAL fluid obtained from healthy, nonsmoking adults without underlying lung disease is dominated by alveolar macrophages (>80%). Normal in BAL may be 80–90% alveolar macrophages (AMs), 5–15% lymphocytes, 1–3% polymorphonuclear neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, and <1% mast cells.
How do you interpret BAL cell count?
A BAL fluid cell differential count with greater than 15% lymphocytes, greater than 3% neutrophils, greater than 1% eosinophils, or greater than 0.5% mast cells indicates BAL lym- phocytosis (i.e., a lymphocytic cellular pattern), BAL neutro- philia (i.e., a neutrophilic cellular pattern), BAL eosinophilia (i.e., an …
What are macrophages in the lungs called?
In a healthy lung, there are at least two types of macrophages: alveolar macrophages (AM) and interstitial macrophages (IM) [14]. They are functionally different and can be distinguished by localization within the lung and expression of CD11b and CD11c.
What is hemosiderin and what is its significance?
Hemosiderin — a protein compound that stores iron in your tissues — can accumulate under your skin. As a result, you may notice yellow, brown, or black staining or a bruiselike appearance. Stains most often appear on the lower leg, sometimes covering the space between your knee and ankle.
What is lipid pneumonia?
How is lipoid pneumonia diagnosed?
The diagnosis of exogenous lipoid pneumonia is based on a history of exposure to oil, characteristic radiological findings, and the presence of lipid-laden macrophages on sputum or BAL analysis. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the best imaging modality for the diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia.
How do you fix lipoid pneumonia?
Resting and taking medication at home will be sufficient to treat some cases of lipoid pneumonia, but severe cases may require hospital treatment. Doctors treat most cases of lipoid pneumonia with corticosteroids, which reduce inflammation in the lungs.
How long does lipoid pneumonia take to develop?
Note that although opacities may be present soon after aspiration, radiologic manifestations of acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia can take up to 24 hours to develop.
What is the difference between BAL and bronchial washing?
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) must be distinguished from bronchial lavage. In the latter, saline is instilled into the large airways or bronchial tubes and then aspirated for fluid analysis.