What is the pathogenesis of periodontal disease?
Periodontal health is maintained by homeostatic immunity and is associated with symbiotic microbiota. Periodontitis is associated with a dysbiotic polymicrobial community, in which different members have distinct and synergistic roles that promote destructive inflammation.
What is inflammatory periodontal disease?
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of the periodontium, or the supporting tissues of the teeth (gingival tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone).
What triggers the inflammatory process for periodontal disease?
Periodontal inflammation is initiated by the products of biofilm bacteria such as lipopolysaccharide molecules (LPS are components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria; they are not found in Gram-positive bacteria). This creates a cascade of reactions.
What are the 2 contributing factors that affect the pathogenesis of periodontitis?
2. Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease
- Microorganisms and Periodontal Disease. The oral bacterial microbiome includes over 700 different phylotypes, with approximately 400 species found in subgingival plaque [12, 13].
- Tobacco Smoking.
- Diabetes Mellitus.
- Cardiovascular Disease.
- Drug-Induced Disorders.
- Stress.
- Obesity.
How does the inflammatory response affect the periodontal tissues?
As in other inflammatory conditions however, periodontal inflammation becomes chronic either when the microbial species continue to grow and cannot be eliminated by the acute response, or a defective/aggravated immune response results in a prolonged inflammatory reaction and host tissue damage, which provides a source …
Does inflammation cause periodontitis?
Mechanistically, periodontitis is associated with bacteraemias and systemic inflammation, which can induce acute-phase responses as well as metabolic and inflammatory alterations in the liver and bone marrow, activities that can influence comorbid conditions.
Is periodontitis inflammation or infection?
What is periodontal disease? Periodontal diseases are mainly the result of infections and inflammation of the gums and bone that surround and support the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums can become swollen and red, and they may bleed.
What is the term that indicates inflammatory response of periodontal tissue?
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease indicated by periodontal soft tissue inflammation and the progressive loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. 1. Soft tissue inflammation, namely, gingivitis, is very common in populations.
What is the pathogenesis of gingivitis?
Gingivitis is caused by the microbial plaque deposits located in or close to the gingival sulcus. The microorganisms more strongly associated with the etiology of gingivitis include species of Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Veillonella, and Treponema.
Does inflammation cause gum disease?
Ongoing gum inflammation can cause periodontitis, eventually causing pockets to develop between your gums and teeth that fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria. In time, these pockets become deeper, filling with more bacteria.
What are the inflammatory mediators?
Central to the formation of inflammation are the inflammatory mediators, which include proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins and leukotrienes), nitric oxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Which cytokines are involved in periodontal disease?
A wide range of cytokines plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of periodontitis such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and RANKL. In addition to the anti-inflammatory function of IL-10, it has a proinflammatory role in periodontitis as well.
What are the 4 types of inflammatory mediators?
The released chemical mediators include (1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, (2) peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and (3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins).
Which cytokines are anti inflammatory?
Major anti-inflammatory cytokines include interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13. Leukemia inhibitory factor, interferon-alpha, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are categorized as either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cytokines, under various circumstances.