What is the main route of drug elimination in pediatric patients?
Drug elimination in pediatric patients can occur via multiple routes, including exhalation, biliary secretion, and renal clearance. Of these, the kidney is the primary organ responsible for the excretion of drugs and their metabolites.
What is the most common route of drug elimination?
Renal excretion is the most common route of drug elimination. However, many drugs are excreted into bile via the liver and some volatile substances (primarily gaseous anesthetics) can be excreted via the lungs.
What route for drug delivery is commonly used in infants?
Oral. Oral delivery is the preferred route of administration in pediatric patients because it is not invasive and carries a low risk of pain [2]. Parents will generally feel comfortable with this delivery method, leading to improved compliance for drugs administered via this route.
How do neonates metabolize drugs?
Drug metabolism enzyme activity is typically reduced in the neonate, but rapidly develops over the first year of life. Renal excretion mechanisms are low at birth, but mature over a few months. Limited data are available on the pharmacodynamics of drugs; infants show greater sensitivity to d-tubocurarine.
What are the routes of drug elimination?
Drug excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, either as a metabolite or unchanged drug. There are many different routes of excretion, including urine, bile, sweat, saliva, tears, milk, and stool. By far, the most important excretory organs are the kidney and liver.
What is the main route of elimination for antibiotics?
Both unchanged antibiotics and antibiotic metabolites are removed from the body by excretion pathways. Excretion from the kidneys (as urine) is a major route of drug elimination; excretion into the bile (as feces) from the liver is another.
Which of the following is the major route by which drugs are eliminated from the body quizlet?
drug is eliminated from the body. most by urination . also by feces, perspiration, saliva, bile, exhaled air and breast milk. study of how drugs are use to treat disease.
Why is oral route preferred?
Oral drug delivery is the most preferred administration route due to noninvasive, high patient compliance, convenient to handle, and does not require any specific sterile conditions.
How does drug metabolism differ between neonates and adults?
Several of the processes involved in the distribution of drugs are clearly different in neonates and infants when compared to adults. Factors including plasma protein binding and water partitioning are continuously fluctuating throughout the first years of life, thus affecting the distribution of drugs.
Why do infants absorb drugs differently?
Drug actions in infants are variable because of the infant’s physiological attributes: small body mass, high relative body water content, low body fat, greater membrane permeability of the skin, and blood-brain barrier and reduced plasma-binding abilities.
What are the major routes of excretion?
The most important routes for excretion are urine, feces, and exhaled air. Other minor routes of excretion include milk, sweat, saliva, tears, hair, and nails.
What are the two primary routes for drug excretion quizlet?
2 types of elimination are excretion and metabolism by the kidney and liver.
Which of the following are ways a drug may be eliminated from the body?
Elimination involves both the metabolism and the excretion of the drug through the kidneys, and to a much smaller degree, into the bile. Excretion into the urine through the kidneys is one of the most important mechanisms of drug removal.
Which route of administration is used most often Why?
Oral route Many drugs can be administered orally as liquids, capsules, tablets, or chewable tablets. Because the oral route is the most convenient and usually the safest and least expensive, it is the one most often used. However, it has limitations because of the way a drug typically moves through the digestive tract.
What is the route of paternal?
There are five commonly used routes of parenteral (route other than digestive tract) administration: subcutaneous (SC/SQ), intraperitoneal (IP), intravenous (IV), intrader- mal (ID), and intramuscular (IM). Not all techniques are appropriate for each species.
What are the 4 routes of parenteral administration?
Administration by injection (parenteral administration) includes the following routes:
- Subcutaneous (under the skin)
- Intramuscular (in a muscle)
- Intravenous (in a vein)
- Intrathecal (around the spinal cord)
How do pharmacokinetics occur differently between mother and baby?
Immaturity of glomerular filtration, renal tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption at birth and their maturation determine the different excretion of drugs in the pediatric population compared to adults.
How does drug excretion differ in children?
The renal excretion of unchanged drug is generally lower in newborns owing to the immaturity of renal function. However a similar or greater rate of renal excretion has been observed in infants and preschool children compared with adult values for some drugs, including levetiracetam 62, cimetidine 63 and cetirizine 64.
What are the primary sites of drug elimination in the body quizlet?
Urine, sweat & saliva, tears, bile, breast milk and expired air.
How are drugs removed from the body by excretion?
Drug elimination from the body can occur through several mechanisms, including renal excretion, biliary excretion, transcutaneous loss, gastrointestinal loss, and pulmonary exhalation. Renal excretion is one of the most important pathways for elimination of metabolized and unchanged drug.
What is drug elimination and why is it important?
Drug elimination can be defined as the (irreversible) transfer of a drug from the site of measurement (usually plasma or blood) by either excretion (e.g., renal, biliary, pulmonary, sweat and milk excretion) or metabolism. Renal excretion is particularly important.
What are the two main components of drug elimination?
Elimination may be divided into two major components: excretion and biotransformation. Drug excretion is the removal of the intact drug. Most drugs are excreted by the kidney into the urine. Other pathways include the excretion of drug into bile, sweat, saliva, or milk.
What is the most common route of drug excretion?
Renal excretion is the most common route of drug elimination. However, many drugs are excreted into bile via the liver and some volatile substances (primarily gaseous anesthetics) can be excreted via the lungs.