What is patulin used for?
Uses. Patulin was originally used as an antibiotic against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but after several toxicity reports, it is no longer used for that purpose. Isolated by Nancy Atkinson in 1943, it was specifically trialed to be used against the common cold.
How do you control patulin?
The same study found that the use of an acetic acid solution of 2–5% for >1 min was able to completely inhibit the growth of mold and prevent the production of patulin.
What are the effects of patulin?
Patulin causes different health hazards, including nausea, lung congestion, epithelial cell degeneration, along with carcinogenic, genotoxic, immunosuppressive, and teratogenic effects (Hopkins, 1993; Sant’Ana, Rosenthal, & de Massaguer, 2008).
How is patulin formed?
Patulin is a toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of mold, especially within Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys. It is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple-derived products such as juice, cider, compotes and other food intended for young children.
Where is patulin found?
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of moulds, particularly Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys. Often found in rotting apples and apple products, patulin can also occur in various mouldy fruits, grains and other foods.
How do you test patulin?
The Patulin ELISA is an immunoassay for the detection of the mycotoxin Patulin, that commonly affects pome fruits (apples, pears). This test is suitable for the quantitative and/or qualitative detection of Patulin in contaminated samples including apple juice, apple cider, applesauce and orange juice.
How do you find patulin?
Patulin was determined using HPLC equipped with a UV detector set at 276 nm. Also, HPLC with fluorescence detector was set at 333 and 420 nm as excitation and emission wavelength, respectively,was used for Ochratoxin A separation. All samples of apple juice were free from fungi and yeasts.
What is patulin mycotoxin?
Is patulin a chemical hazard?
Patulin is a mycotoxin of food safety concern. It is produced by numerous species of fungi growing on fruits and vegetables. Exposure to the toxin is connected to issues neurological, immunological, and gastrointestinal in nature.
Is patulin genotoxic?
Although patulin is considered to be genotoxic (DNA-damaging), IARC concluded that no evaluation could be made due to inadequate evidence regarding the carcinogenicity of patulin to humans i.e. not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
What type of hazard is a mycotoxin such as patulin?
Thus, patulin must be considered a potential health hazard. The fact that patulin can be produced by a number of penicillia at refrigeration temperatures is a source of possible concern.
What is the maximum safe daily intake of patulin?
A provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of patulin has been set at 0.4 µg/kg body weight/day by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives since 1995 [6].
What is patulin?
Patulin is a cyclic γ-lactone mycotoxin found in fruits, particularly moldy apples and apple juice. Several molds produce patulin including, P. expansum, Aspergillus sp., and Byssochlamys fulva and B. nivea.
Why is patulin bad for You?
Patulin is of some public health concern because of its potential carcinogenic properties, and because it has been found in commercial apple juice and other apple products. Patulin appears to be unstable in grains, cured meats, and cheese. When administered orally to rats, patulin showed no toxicity or carcinogenicity.
How can patulin exposure be managed?
Patulin exposure can be successfully managed by following good agricultural practices such as removing mold, washing, and not using rotten or damaged apples for baking, canning, or juice production.