What can induce apoptosis?
In cell lines intrinsic apoptosis can be induced by stimuli including removing growth factor supplements from cell media, exposure to UV light or by exerting other stressful conditions on the cell as shown on the left of Figure 1.
Which pathogen triggers apoptosis in macrophages?
Yersinia. All the three Yersinia species pathogenic to humans are able to induce apoptosis in naïve macrophages.
What does induce apoptosis mean?
Viral induction of apoptosis occurs when one or several cells of a living organism are infected with a virus, leading to cell death. Cell death in organisms is necessary for the normal development of cells and the cell cycle maturation.
Does bacterial infection trigger apoptosis?
Bacteria can trigger apoptosis through a large variety of mechanisms that include the secretion of protein synthesis inhibitors and pore forming proteins. They can also activate apoptotic proteins such as caspases, inactivate antiapoptotic proteins, or lead to upregulation of the endogenous receptor/ligand system.
How does P53 trigger apoptosis?
P53 induces apoptosis in nontransformed cells mostly by direct transcriptional activation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins PUMA and (to a lesser extent) NOXA. Combined loss of the p53 effectors of apoptosis (PUMA plus NOXA) and cell cycle arrest/cell senescence (p21) does not cause spontaneous tumour development.
What cell can induce apoptosis in cells infected with intracellular pathogen?
macrophages
Figure 1. Apoptosis and efferocytosis are a linked anti-bacterial host defense mechanism. A) Infected cells that undergo apoptosis are engulfed by macrophages. Following efferocytosis, most non-pathogenic bacteria are destroyed by the macrophage.
Do bacteria cells undergo apoptosis?
Some situations of cell death in unicellular eukaryotes (protozoa and yeast) have also been referred to as apoptosis. In recent years apoptosis has further been identified in bacteria several times. As a bacterial response to external stimuli, apoptosis could be important not only for the bacteria but also to the host.