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What is meant by cytoplasmic male sterility?

What is meant by cytoplasmic male sterility?

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen, is widespread among higher plants. CMS systems represent a valuable tool in the production of hybrid seed in self-pollinating crop species, including maize, rice, cotton, and a number of vegetable crops.

Who discovered cytoplasmic male sterility?

Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter
Background. Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter was the first to document male sterility in plants. In the 18th century, he reported on anther abortion within species and specific hybrids. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has now been identified in over 150 plant species.

What causes cytoplasmic male sterility in plants?

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that causes dysfunctions in pollen and anther development. CMS is caused by the interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.

What are the 3 lines requires in cytoplasmic genetic male sterility?

Hybrid seed production using Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) is based on three line system i.e. A, B and R line.

What is the meaning of cytoplasmic?

Definition of cytoplasm : the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria or chloroplasts) — see cell illustration.

Who described cytoplasmic male sterility in maize?

LAUGHNAN, J.R., CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY IN MAIZE, ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS 17: 27 (1983). LAUGHNAN, J.R., MUTATIONS LEADING TO NUCLEAR RESTORATION OF FERTILITY IN S-MALE-STERILE CYTOPLASM IN MAIZE, THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS 43: 109 (1973).

What is meant by CMS line?

Three-line system, which is composed by three different breeding lines: the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line (A line), the maintainer line (B line), and the restorer line (R line), is a main system in hybrid rice production.

What is the other name of cytoplasmic?

Cytosol
Cytosol is the another name of cytoplasm. Name the four elements which make up the major part of protoplasm.

What is cytoplasmic determinant in biology?

Cytoplasmic determinants are special molecules which play a very important role during oocyte maturation, in the female’s ovary. During this period of time, some regions of the cytoplasm accumulate some of these cytoplasmic determinants, whose distribution is thus very heterogenic.

What is male sterility describe GMS and CMS male sterility?

ABSTRACT. Plant male sterility refers to the failure in the production of fertile pollen. It occurs spontaneously in natural populations and may be caused by genes encoded in the nuclear (genic male sterility; GMS) or mitochondrial (cytoplasmic male sterility; CMS) genomes.

What is male sterility and its types?

Types of Male Sterility: The male sterility is of five types 1) Genetic male sterility, 2) Cytoplasmic male sterility, 3) Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility, 4) Chemical induced male sterility and 5) Transgenic male sterility.

What does cytoplasmic mean?

Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules. Some intracellular organelles, such the nucleus and mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm.

What is meant by cytoplasm definition?

Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.

What is cytoplasmic determinants example?

The factors responsible for this early mapping out, within zygotes, of subsequent cell fate determination are termed cytoplasmic determinants. They consist, for example, of stored mRNAs as well as proteins and various regulatory factors that found within the cytoplasm of the egg cell.

What is the role of cytoplasmic determinants?

Cytoplasmic determinants are a type of substances found in the female gametes; they are responsible for the regulation of gene expression in the early development of the embryo. They lead to the differential specialization of blastomere during cleavage.

What is male sterility PDF?

Male sterility is characterized by nonfunctional pollen grains, while female gametes function normally. Inability to produce or to release viable or functional pollen as. a result of failure of formation or development of functional. stamens, microspores or gametes.

What are the advantages of male sterility?

In this sense, the use of male sterility reduces the cost of hybrid seed production for several reasons. It avoids hand emasculation and pollination, accelerating the hybrid breeding programs and allowing the large-scale production of hybrid seeds and the commercial exploitation of hybrid vigor (12).

What is cytoplasmic process?

Cytoplasmic streaming, or cyclosis, is a process by which substances are circulated within a cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs in a number of cell types including plant cells, amoeba, protozoa, and fungi.

What is cytoplasm and its function?

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

What is the importance of cytoplasm?

What is the important function of cytoplasm? The cytoplasm is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. It stores the molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.